I am so proud I figured this out. Here’s a diagram of how I ended up setting it up in maya:
diagram
link to larger/more legible

1. particle emitter emits animated moths
2. reverse gravity pushes slightly off vertical
3. spherical vortex puts a spin on them
4. turbulence randomizes the flight a bit
5. this is a “goal” sphere- the particles will try to fit into this shape, but since they can’t (b/c they’re being disturbed by vortex + turbulence) they will kind of “swarm”
6. then goal sphere and vortex/turbulence turn off, downwards gravity turns on, and moths hit the ground.